Are you preparing for an AngularJS interview? Whether you’re a fresher or an experienced developer, understanding key AngularJS concepts and practicing common interview questions can significantly boost your chances of success. This article provides a comprehensive list of AngularJS interview questions and detailed answers tailored for both beginners and seasoned professionals.
You’ll find questions covering fundamental topics like directives, controllers, and data binding, as well as more advanced concepts such as dependency injection, routing, and performance optimization. Each answer is crafted to give you a clear and concise understanding of AngularJS, helping you to articulate your knowledge effectively during interviews.
Prepare with confidence by exploring these AngularJS interview questions and answers, and enhance your readiness for technical interviews with practical insights and expert advice.
Top Angular Interview Questions
Q1. What are directives?
Ans: Directives are special tokens in the markup that tell the library to do something to a DOM element (like hide it, show it, change its color, etc.). They extend HTML by providing it with new syntax. Directives in AngularJS can be used to create custom HTML tags, attributes, and behaviors. Examples include ng-app
, ng-bind
, and ng-model
.
Q2. What do the services represent in AngularJS?
Ans: Services in AngularJS are singleton objects or functions that are used to organize and share code across the application. They provide a way to share data and functions, and they help to keep the controller code clean and manageable. Examples include $http
for AJAX calls, $route
for routing, and $location
for URL manipulation.
Q3. What are the controllers in AngularJS?
Ans: Controllers in AngularJS are JavaScript functions that are used to build the business logic of an application. They are responsible for setting up the initial state and adding behavior to the scope object. Controllers control the data of the application and interact with the services to process the data. Example:
app.controller('MainCtrl', function($scope) {
$scope.greeting = 'Hello, World!';
});
Q4. Explain the purpose of interpolation in AngularJS?
Ans: Interpolation in AngularJS is used to bind expressions to elements in the HTML. It allows embedding expressions in the HTML that AngularJS will evaluate and update the HTML with the result. Interpolation uses the double curly braces {{ }}
. Example:
<p>{{ greeting }}</p>
Here, if greeting
is set to 'Hello, World!'
, the paragraph will display “Hello, World!”.
Q5. How can you integrate AngularJS with HTML?
Ans: AngularJS can be integrated with HTML by adding the ng-app
directive to the HTML document. This directive marks the HTML element as the root element of the AngularJS application. Then, you can use other AngularJS directives like ng-model
, ng-bind
, and ng-controller
to add AngularJS functionality to the HTML elements. Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app="myApp">
<head>
<script src="angular.min.js"></script>
<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('MainCtrl', function($scope) {
$scope.greeting = 'Hello, World!';
});
</script>
</head>
<body ng-controller="MainCtrl">
<p>{{ greeting }}</p>
</body>
</html>
Q6. Define AngularJS and what are its key features?
Ans: AngularJS is a JavaScript-based open-source front-end web framework for developing single-page applications. It aims to simplify both the development and testing of such applications by providing a framework for client-side MVC (Model-View-Controller) and MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) architectures. Key features include:
- Two-Way Data Binding: Synchronizes data between the model and the view.
- Directives: Extend HTML with new attributes and tags.
- Dependency Injection: Makes it easier to manage and test components.
- MVC Framework: Separates application logic, data, and presentation.
- Templates: Simplify the process of creating the view.
- Testing: Support for unit testing and end-to-end testing.
Q7. What is an AngularJS module?
Ans: An AngularJS module is a container for different parts of an application, such as controllers, services, filters, directives, and configuration information. It provides a way to package and organize code into cohesive units. Modules are defined using the angular.module
function. Example:
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
Q8. What are the disadvantages of AngularJS?
Ans: Despite its many advantages, AngularJS has some disadvantages:
- Complexity: Can be complex and difficult to learn for beginners.
- Performance Issues: May have performance issues with large applications due to the two-way data binding and digest cycle.
- Migration: Upgrading from AngularJS to newer versions of Angular (like Angular 2+) requires a complete rewrite.
- Verbose Code: May result in verbose and boilerplate code.
Q9. Define $rootScope in AngularJS application?
Ans: In AngularJS, $rootScope
is the top-level scope that every other scope inherits from. It is a global scope that is available throughout the application. Any variable or function defined in $rootScope
can be accessed by all controllers and directives. Example:
app.run(function($rootScope) {
$rootScope.appName = 'MyApp';
});
Q10. What IDEs are currently used for the development of AngularJS?
Ans: Popular IDEs and editors used for AngularJS development include:
- Visual Studio Code: Lightweight and powerful with a vast extension library.
- WebStorm: Feature-rich IDE specifically for JavaScript development.
- Sublime Text: Highly customizable and lightweight text editor.
- Atom: Open-source editor with extensive customization options.
- Brackets: Open-source editor with a focus on web development.
Q11. Why is $watch used?
Ans: The $watch
function in AngularJS is used to observe changes to a variable on the scope. It allows you to run a function whenever the watched variable changes. This is useful for updating the UI or executing logic in response to data changes. Example:
$scope.$watch('someVariable', function(newValue, oldValue) {
console.log('Value changed from ' + oldValue + ' to ' + newValue);
});
Q12. Differentiate between ng-if and ng-show directives?
Ans: The ng-if
directive in AngularJS removes or recreates a portion of the DOM tree based on the expression’s value. If the expression is false, the element and its children are completely removed from the DOM. The ng-show
directive, on the other hand, only toggles the visibility of the element using the CSS display
property.
ng-if:
<div ng-if="condition">Content</div>
ng-show:
<div ng-show="condition">Content</div>
Q13. What are the main advantages of AngularJS?
Ans: Main advantages of AngularJS include:
- Two-Way Data Binding: Synchronizes the model and the view.
- Dependency Injection: Manages dependencies and improves testability.
- Directives: Extend HTML capabilities.
- Reusable Components: Create reusable components with directives.
- MVC Architecture: Separates concerns and enhances code maintainability.
- Community Support: Large community and plenty of resources.
Q14. Explain the data binding process in AngularJS?
Ans: Data binding in AngularJS is the synchronization of data between the model (JavaScript objects) and the view (HTML). AngularJS uses two-way data binding, meaning that any changes to the view are reflected in the model, and vice versa. This is achieved through directives like ng-model
and expressions in the view. Example:
<input ng-model="name">
<p>Hello, {{ name }}!</p>
Here, any change to the input field updates the name
variable, and the paragraph content updates accordingly.
Q15. What is $scope?
Ans: $scope
in AngularJS is an object that refers to the application model. It acts as a glue between the controller and the view. Scopes are arranged in a hierarchical structure and can watch expressions and propagate events. They provide a context for evaluating expressions and handling events.
Q16. Define Scope in AngularJS?
Ans: Scope in AngularJS is an object that binds the view and the controller. It is where you define properties and methods to be used in the view. The scope allows controllers and directives to share data and functions. Each controller has its own scope, and they can inherit properties from the $rootScope
.
Q17. What is scope hierarchy?
Ans: Scope hierarchy in AngularJS refers to the nested structure of scopes. The $rootScope
is the top-level scope, and every other scope inherits from it. Child controllers and directives create child scopes that inherit properties from their parent scope. This hierarchical structure allows for organized and modular application development.
Q18. How is Backbone.js different from AngularJS?
Ans: Backbone.js and AngularJS are both JavaScript frameworks, but they have different philosophies and features:
- Architecture: Backbone.js is more lightweight and flexible, providing only the minimal set of features like models, views, collections, and routers. AngularJS is a full-fledged framework with built-in support for data binding, directives, dependency injection, and more.
- Data Binding: Backbone.js uses one-way data binding, while AngularJS uses two-way data binding.
- Templating: Backbone.js requires external templating engines like Underscore.js, while AngularJS has its own templating system.
- Dependency Injection: AngularJS has a built-in dependency injection system; Backbone.js does not.
Q19. Is AngularJS JQuery dependent?
Ans: AngularJS is not dependent on jQuery. However, if jQuery is included before AngularJS, Angular will use jQuery; otherwise, it will use its own subset of jQuery called jqLite.
Q20. Explain Angular Authentication and Authorization?
Ans: Authentication and authorization in AngularJS involve verifying the user’s identity (authentication) and determining their access rights (authorization). Common practices include using token-based authentication (e.g., JWT) to validate users and roles or permissions to control access to different parts of the application. This is often implemented using services and HTTP interceptors.
Q21. Which IDEs do programmers use for AngularJS development?
Ans: Programmers use several IDEs for AngularJS development, including:
- Visual Studio Code: Lightweight, powerful, and extensible.
- WebStorm: Comprehensive JavaScript IDE.
- Sublime Text: Customizable and fast text editor.
- Atom: Open-source and highly customizable.
- Brackets: Focused on web development.
Q22. How is Angular 7 different from Angular 8?
Ans: Key differences between Angular 7 and Angular 8 include:
- Ivy Renderer: Angular 8 introduced Ivy, a new rendering engine that improves performance.
- Lazy Loading with Dynamic Imports: Angular 8 supports dynamic imports for lazy loading.
- TypeScript: Angular 8 supports TypeScript 3.4, while Angular 7 supports TypeScript 3.1.
- Builder API: Angular 8 introduced a new Builder API for creating custom build processes.
Q23. What are AngularJS filters?
Ans: AngularJS filters are used to format the data displayed to the user. They can be used in views, controllers, and services. Filters can format strings, numbers, arrays, and objects. Common filters include currency
, date
, filter
, json
, limitTo
, lowercase
, uppercase
, and orderBy
. Example:
<p>{{ price | currency }}</p>
Q24. What do you understand about ECMAScript?
Ans: ECMAScript is a scripting language specification that forms the basis of several languages, including JavaScript. It standardizes the core features of these languages, ensuring compatibility and consistency. ECMAScript defines the syntax, types, statements, objects, and other features of the language.
Q25. Do you know what parameterized pipes are in AngularJS?
Ans: Parameterized pipes in AngularJS are used to transform data and can accept parameters to alter their behavior. While AngularJS primarily uses filters, Angular (the successor to AngularJS) uses pipes. An example of a parameterized pipe in Angular is the slice
pipe:
<p>{{ someArray | slice:1:3 }}</p>
Q26. What do you know about DSL animation functions?
Ans: DSL (Domain-Specific Language) animation functions in AngularJS refer to the API for creating animations. AngularJS provides the ngAnimate
module, which offers functions to create complex animations declaratively. These functions allow developers to define animations for directives like ng-show
, ng-hide
, ng-if
, and custom animations using CSS transitions and keyframes.
Q27. What does the following code do? What are the permitted values of the restrict attribute?
Ans: The restrict attribute in AngularJS directives specifies how the directive can be used in the HTML. It can have the following values:
- E: Element name (e.g.,
<my-directive></my-directive>
). - A: Attribute (e.g.,
<div my-directive></div>
). - C: Class (e.g.,
<div class="my-directive"></div>
). - M: Comment (e.g.,
<!-- directive: my-directive -->
).
Example directive:
app.directive('myDirective', function() {
return {
restrict: 'E',
template: '<div>My Directive</div>'
};
});
This code defines a directive that can be used as an element.
Q28. Why is the findIndex() method used? What does it return in case the value is not found?
Ans: The findIndex()
method in JavaScript returns the index of the first element in an array that satisfies the provided testing function. If no element satisfies the testing function, it returns -1
. Example:
const array = [5, 12, 8, 130, 44];
const index = array.findIndex(element => element > 10);
console.log(index); // Output: 1
Q29. Differentiate between compile and link in AngularJS?
Ans: In AngularJS, the compile
function is used to manipulate the DOM before the directive is linked. It returns a link function. The link
function is used to bind the compiled template with the scope. The compile
phase occurs once, while the link
phase occurs multiple times for each instance of the directive.
Compile:
compile: function(element, attrs) {
// DOM manipulation before linking
return function link(scope, element, attrs) {
// DOM manipulation after linking
};
}
Q30. How do you achieve internationalization?
Ans: Internationalization (i18n) in AngularJS can be achieved using the angular-translate
module or Angular’s built-in i18n support. It involves defining translation files for different languages and using translation keys in the application. Example with angular-translate
:
app.config(function($translateProvider) {
$translateProvider.translations('en', {
'GREETING': 'Hello!'
});
$translateProvider.translations('es', {
'GREETING': '¡Hola!'
});
$translateProvider.preferredLanguage('en');
});
In the view:
<p>{{ 'GREETING' | translate }}</p>
Q31. Differentiate between expressions of AngularJS and JavaScript?
Ans: AngularJS expressions are used to bind data to HTML and are usually written inside double curly braces {{ }}
. They are evaluated within the context of the AngularJS scope and can include filters. JavaScript expressions are general-purpose code snippets that are executed by the JavaScript engine. Key differences include:
- Context: AngularJS expressions are evaluated within the scope, while JavaScript expressions are evaluated in the global context.
- Safety: AngularJS expressions do not support control flow statements like loops and conditionals to prevent complexity and ensure security.
- Error Handling: AngularJS expressions do not throw exceptions; instead, they return
undefined
.
Example:
<!-- AngularJS Expression -->
<p>{{ 1 + 2 }}</p> <!-- Outputs: 3 -->
<!-- JavaScript Expression -->
<script>
document.write(1 + 2); // Outputs: 3
</script>
Q32. Explain why JavaScript skills are vital for AngularJS developers?
Ans: JavaScript skills are vital for AngularJS developers because AngularJS is a JavaScript framework. Understanding core JavaScript concepts such as scope, closures, events, and asynchronous programming is crucial for effectively working with AngularJS. JavaScript proficiency enables developers to write custom logic, manipulate the DOM, and debug issues efficiently, thereby enhancing the overall development experience and application performance.
Q33. How would you rate your Git version control skills?
Ans: Rating Git version control skills can vary based on individual experience. Generally, a developer with proficient Git skills should be comfortable with:
- Basic Commands:
clone
,add
,commit
,push
,pull
,status
,log
. - Branching and Merging: Creating, switching, and merging branches.
- Conflict Resolution: Handling merge conflicts.
- Rebasing and Stashing: Using
rebase
andstash
for cleaner commit histories and saving temporary changes. - Collaboration: Working with remote repositories and pull requests. A developer might rate their skills on a scale from beginner to advanced based on their familiarity with these concepts.
Q34. How is attention to detail critical for AngularJS developers?
Ans: Attention to detail is critical for AngularJS developers because:
- Syntax Sensitivity: AngularJS is sensitive to syntax errors which can lead to runtime errors or unexpected behavior.
- Data Binding: Accurate binding between model and view ensures correct data representation.
- Directive Usage: Correct usage of directives ensures that the intended functionality is achieved.
- Performance Optimization: Identifying and fixing performance bottlenecks requires keen observation.
- Code Maintainability: Clean, well-documented, and consistent code is easier to maintain and debug.
Q35. How is the mouse double click event accomplished?
Ans: In AngularJS, the mouse double-click event can be accomplished using the ng-dblclick
directive. Example:
<div ng-dblclick="doubleClickFunction()">Double-click me!</div>
In the controller:
$scope.doubleClickFunction = function() {
alert('Double-clicked!');
};
Q36. What is the auto bootstrap process?
Ans: The auto bootstrap process in AngularJS refers to the automatic initialization of the AngularJS application. When the ng-app
directive is found in the HTML, AngularJS automatically bootstraps the application by:
- Compiling the DOM from the
ng-app
root. - Instantiating the root scope and applying the initial data binding. This process happens without the need for manually initializing the application using
angular.bootstrap
.
Q37. How does routing work in AngularJS?
Ans: Routing in AngularJS is handled by the ngRoute
module. It allows navigation between different views or pages in a single-page application (SPA). The $routeProvider
is used to define routes, associating URLs with specific templates and controllers. Example:
app.config(function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider
.when('/home', {
templateUrl: 'home.html',
controller: 'HomeController'
})
.when('/about', {
templateUrl: 'about.html',
controller: 'AboutController'
})
.otherwise({
redirectTo: '/home'
});
});
Q38. Write a syntax to send a sample HTTP POST request in AngularJS?
Ans: To send an HTTP POST request in AngularJS, use the $http
service. Example:
$http.post('/api/endpoint', { key: 'value' })
.then(function(response) {
console.log('Success:', response.data);
}, function(error) {
console.log('Error:', error);
});
Q39. What can you tell about the given piece of code?
Ans: This question requires a specific code snippet to provide a detailed explanation. However, in general, an analysis of a piece of code would include explaining the purpose, functionality, and any potential issues or improvements.
Q40. What is the importance of track by in the ng-repeat directive?
Ans: The track by
expression in the ng-repeat
directive is used to improve the performance of rendering lists. It helps AngularJS to track which items have changed by using a unique identifier. Without track by
, AngularJS uses object identity, which can be inefficient for large lists. Example:
<li ng-repeat="item in items track by item.id">{{ item.name }}</li>
Q41. List out the scope characteristics in AngularJS?
Ans: Scope characteristics in AngularJS include:
- Hierarchical: Scopes are arranged in a hierarchical structure.
- Two-Way Data Binding: Syncs data between the model and the view.
- Events: Scopes can emit, broadcast, and listen to events.
- Watchers: Scopes can watch expressions and react to changes.
- Contextual: Scopes provide execution context for expressions.
Q42. What is the importance of the $location service?
Ans: The $location
service in AngularJS is important for reading and manipulating the URL in the browser. It allows the application to reflect the state of the application in the URL, enabling deep linking, navigation, and bookmarking. It provides methods to get and set the URL, path, search parameters, and hash.
Q43. What is transclusion in Angular?
Ans: Transclusion in AngularJS is a feature that allows the insertion of custom content into a directive’s template. It enables the creation of reusable components with placeholders for custom content. Example:
app.directive('myDirective', function() {
return {
transclude: true,
template: '<div><ng-transclude></ng-transclude></div>'
};
});
Usage:
<my-directive>Custom Content</my-directive>
Q44. What is the importance of orderBy?
Ans: The orderBy
filter in AngularJS is used to sort an array based on a specific property or expression. It is important for presenting data in a sorted manner, improving the readability and usability of the data. Example:
<li ng-repeat="item in items | orderBy:'name'">{{ item.name }}</li>
Q45. What lifecycle hooks are available in Angular?
Ans: Angular lifecycle hooks are methods that allow you to tap into key moments in a component’s lifecycle. Common hooks include:
- ngOnInit: Called after the component’s data-bound properties have been initialized.
- ngOnChanges: Called when an input property changes.
- ngDoCheck: Detect and act upon changes that Angular can’t or won’t detect on its own.
- ngAfterContentInit: Called after Angular projects external content into the component’s view.
- ngAfterContentChecked: Called after every check of projected content.
- ngAfterViewInit: Called after the component’s view has been initialized.
- ngAfterViewChecked: Called after every check of the component’s view.
- ngOnDestroy: Called just before Angular destroys the component.
Q46. What are the different phases of the lifecycle of AngularJS Scope?
Ans: The lifecycle of AngularJS Scope has several phases:
- Creation: Scope is created and linked to the controller.
- Watch Registration: Watches are registered to observe model changes.
- Digest Phase: AngularJS checks for changes and updates the DOM accordingly.
- Destruction: Scope is destroyed when it is no longer needed, e.g., when navigating to a different view.
Q47. Why do we use ng-include?
Ans: The ng-include
directive in AngularJS is used to include external HTML content within a template. It allows the reuse of HTML code, promoting modularity and reducing redundancy. Example:
<div ng-include="'header.html'"></div>
Q48. How can you reset a $timeout and disable a $watch()?
Ans: To reset a $timeout
, you can cancel the existing timeout and create a new one. To disable a $watch
, you call the deregistration function returned by the $watch
method. Example:
// Resetting a $timeout
var timeoutPromise = $timeout(function() {
// code to execute
}, 1000);
// Cancel the timeout
$timeout.cancel(timeoutPromise);
// Disabling a $watch
var unwatch = $scope.$watch('someVar', function(newValue, oldValue) {
// code to execute when someVar changes
});
// Call the function to remove the watch
unwatch();
Q49. What is the chaining pipe in Angular?
Ans: In Angular, chaining pipes refers to applying multiple pipes to a single expression. Each pipe processes the output of the previous pipe. Example:
<p>{{ someDate | date:'short' | uppercase }}</p>
Q50. Is it possible to create nested controllers?
Ans: Yes, it is possible to create nested controllers in AngularJS. Nested controllers allow hierarchical scoping where the child controller inherits the scope of the parent controller. Example:
<div ng-controller="ParentController">
Parent: {{ parentProperty }}
<div ng-controller="ChildController">
Child: {{ childProperty }}
</div>
</div>
Q51. What is meant by Angular Global APIs?
Ans: Angular Global APIs are a set of JavaScript functions provided by Angular to perform common tasks. They include:
- angular.isArray: Checks if a value is an array.
- angular.isObject: Checks if a value is an object.
- angular.forEach: Iterates over collections.
- angular.extend: Extends an object with properties from other objects.
- angular.copy: Creates a deep copy of an object.
Q52. What is metadata?
Ans: Metadata in Angular refers to the data that provides information about other data. In Angular, decorators such as @Component
and @NgModule
are used to attach metadata to classes. This metadata tells Angular how to process the class.
Q53. What can you say about the digest phase in AngularJS?
Ans: The digest phase in AngularJS is the process where the framework checks for changes in the scope model and updates the DOM accordingly. It is triggered by AngularJS internally during events like user input, HTTP responses, and timeouts. The digest cycle involves calling all the watchers and applying changes detected.
Q54. What is the difference between the $ and the prefixes?
Ans: In AngularJS, the `$` and “ prefixes have distinct purposes:
$ Prefix: The $
prefix is used to denote public AngularJS services, functions, and variables. These are intended for use by AngularJS developers in their applications. Examples include $scope
, $http
, $timeout
, and $routeProvider
. These services and functions are part of the AngularJS framework and are documented for developers to use.Example:
app.controller('MyController', function($scope, $http) {
// $scope and $http are AngularJS services available for use
$scope.message = "Hello, World!";
$http.get('/api/data').then(function(response) {
$scope.data = response.data;
});
});
Prefix: The prefix is used for private methods and properties within AngularJS. These are intended for internal use by the AngularJS framework itself and should not be accessed or modified by developers. The
$$` prefix indicates that these methods and properties are not part of the public API and may change without notice in future versions of AngularJS.
Example:
// AngularJS internally might use something like $$watchers
// Developers should avoid using $$ prefixed properties
var watchers = $scope.$$watchers;
The use of the $$
prefix helps to distinguish between the public API and internal implementation details, encouraging best practices and preventing developers from relying on undocumented and potentially unstable features.
Q55. How can you maintain logs in AngularJS?
Ans: Logs in AngularJS can be maintained using the $log
service, which provides logging functions (log
, info
, warn
, error
, and debug
). Example:
app.controller('MyController', function($scope, $log) {
$log.log('This is a log message.');
$log.info('This is an info message.');
$log.warn('This is a warning message.');
$log.error('This is an error message.');
$log.debug('This is a debug message.');
});
Q56. What are the best practices for optimizing the performance of an AngularJS application in a production environment?
Ans: Best practices for optimizing performance in AngularJS include:
- Minimize Watchers: Reduce the number of watchers to improve the digest cycle.
- Use One-Time Bindings: Use one-time bindings for static content.
- Optimize Digest Cycle: Limit the depth of nested scopes.
- Lazy Loading: Load resources on demand.
- Avoid ng-repeat with Large Lists: Use pagination or virtual scrolling.
- Profile and Optimize: Use tools like Batarang to profile and identify bottlenecks.
Q57. Explain the AngularJS boot process?
Ans: The AngularJS boot process involves:
- Load the AngularJS Library: The library is loaded into the browser.
- Locate the ng-app Directive: AngularJS scans the HTML to find the
ng-app
directive. - Compile the DOM: AngularJS compiles the DOM starting from the
ng-app
root. - Create the Root Scope: The root scope is created and linked to the DOM.
- Link Directives and Controllers: Directives and controllers are linked to the scope.
Q58. What are the differences between the factory service methods in AngularJS?
Ans: AngularJS provides different ways to create services: factory
, service
, and provider
.
- Factory: A function that returns an object. It allows creating reusable service instances.
- Service: A constructor function. It is instantiated with the
new
keyword and properties are added tothis
. - Provider: A more configurable way to create a service. It includes a
$get
method and allows configuring the service during the configuration phase.
Q59. Explain about Routing?
Ans: Routing in AngularJS allows navigation between different views in a single-page application. The $routeProvider
defines the routes, mapping URLs to templates and controllers. This enables deep linking and a smooth user experience without full-page reloads.
Q60. What role does dependency injection play in AngularJS? How does it enhance the framework’s functionality?
Ans: Dependency injection (DI) in AngularJS is a design pattern that provides a way to supply dependencies to objects rather than hard-coding them. DI enhances the framework by:
- Promoting Modularity: Dependencies can be easily swapped, promoting reusable and testable code.
- Improving Testability: Dependencies can be mocked or stubbed during testing.
- Encouraging Loose Coupling: Objects are less dependent on specific implementations, improving flexibility.
- Simplifying Configuration: DI manages object creation and dependency resolution.
Example of DI:
app.controller('MyController', function($scope, MyService) {
// MyService is injected into the controller
});
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